Discus and Biomechanics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Discus and Biomechanics - Essay Example The knees should be moved forward but with flexion in order to provide support for the hands with the discus. The ankles should also be a bit up and with flexion in order to put the hips in position and to provide support to the knees. The hops are help in the front position with no rotation so as to provide the base for the discuss weight on hands. The hands are also placed in a relaxed position on the sides in order not to destabilize the stability. The center of gravity is maintained at the center, in discus throw, one should try to maintain the center of gravity as low as possible in order to provide them with stability as they try to increase the momentum required just before the throw. The left hand that has no discus should always be maintained in the same position with the right hand that holds the discus so that there can be adequate weight distribution across the body. Being with the neck at no rotation helps to keep one’s gaze in front where the discus is to be thro wn. Base Support: standing with the left foot in front of the right foot, the right arm with the discus is put to swing in a forward motion while the left arm remains in a backward swing. The waist in a leftward rotation 33 degree and legs are also spread. Description of Movements: the discus thrower has his right arm with the discus in front while keeping his stance stable. His legs apart with the left leg in front of the right leg and his eyes fixed on the throwing direction as he begins to rotate. This is the second phase where getting a good stance is important. Proper Techniques and Flaws in this Performance: the right arm in front with the left leg, is to spread the body weight so as to increase stability of the discus thrower. The shoulders are allowed to rotate at certain degrees as they should allow the load in the hand to move freely, and by the time the right

Reviewing the Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reviewing the Decision - Essay Example The reason why the manager of "ABC" with whom we work decided that they would manage to promote fully equipped base cabinets in the future was due to the request of one of their key customers for the immediate installation of 25 pcs. of such advanced base cabinets, plus their reasoning that because of the increased convenience of the more expensive base cabinets the same quantity can be rather quickly installed at other locations as well. Considering our general positive experience with "ABC", our history of making similar supplies of equipment which "ABC" quickly exhausted, and their leading position in their market segment, I decided to place the order at the manufacturer for the mentioned amount of equipment. After we brought to our stock 50 pcs. of fully equipped base cabinets, it turned out that by then the key customer of "ABC" bailed out from his liability before them, and the general market response to the prospect of purchase of more expensive cabinets was much less enthusia stic than expected. As the result of the mentioned facts, by this moment we still have on our stock 38 pcs. of fully equipped base cabinets for table-top coffee machines, which translates into 12,500$ of frozen assets.

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The Last Spin Essay Example for Free

The Last Spin Essay Two boys, named Tigo and Dave, who were both enemies and both belonged in two different gang’s had never met each other before and engaged themselves in the game known as the ‘Russian Roulette’. They had to settle a situation for their gang’s. Apparently, Dave and his gang member’s had set foot on the territory that belonged to Tigo and his gang member’s. When they engaged themselves in the ‘Russian Roulette’, Tigo wore a green silk jacket with an orange stripe on each sleeve and had thick black hair and a nose that was a bit too long. Meanwhile, Dave wore a blue and gold jacket and had large eyes that were moist – looking. They were both sitting in the middle of a basement room on two different chairs with a table in the middle. On the centre of the table there was a Smith and Wesson . 38 Police Special that was worth forty five dollars and three . 38 Special cartridges. Tigo had referred to the gun by saying ‘I like a good piece’. It all began when Tigo loaded the first cartridge, twirled the cylinder, placed the gun on the side of his head, squeezed the trigger and nothing happened. They kept on going while talking amongst themselves, until Tigo added an extra cartridge to change and lower the odds. Afterwards, they still kept on going, while talking amongst them, until Tigo re added an extra cartridge to make it even money and decided that they could not keep on playing this game for the rest of the night. He had said ‘To hell with the club! ’ and decided to ignore the situation. Meanwhile, Dave had wondered if they should become friends and said ‘†¦Friends? ’ Tigo agreed and decided that they shall do ‘The Last Spin’. The tragic event occurred when Dave picked up the gun, placed it on the side of his head and fired. There was an explosion and half of Dave’s head was ripped away and shattered his face. A small, sharp cry had escaped Tigo’s throat, a look of incredulous shock knifed his eyes and he placed his head on the table and wept. 2. At the beginning of the story, Dave and Tigo are separated because: They are both each other’s enemies. They both belong in different gang’s. They both have no blood for each other. They have never met each other before. They have never crossed paths before. As the story continues, Dave and Tigo are brought together because: They both have to settle a situation for each other’s gang. They both have girlfriends. They are pretty lucky. They both have to stick to their gang’s They both went through the spinning of the cylinder without one of the cartridges coming out of the barrel several times when they squeezed the trigger. They both agree to become friends when Dave says ‘†¦Friends? ’ They both want to go to the lake on Sunday with their girlfriend’s in one boat. If I were to film the story I would chose Johnny Depp and Al Pacino to cast in the roles of Tigo and Dave because they have both played in different gangster movies when they were younger or recently. For example, Al Pacino acted as an Italian mafia named Michael Corleone in the ‘Godfather Trilogy’ in 1972, 1974 and 1990 and also as a young Cuban refugee who turns into a gangster named Tony Montana in the movie ‘Scarface’ in 1983. Besides, Johnny Depp has acted as an American bank robber in the Midwest during the early 1930s named John Dillinger in the movie ‘Public Enemies’ in 2009. Furthermore, the set I would use would be in a small basement room with a bit of light that is coming from a light bulb that is hanging from the ceiling, a few windows but some of them would be broken and damaged, a door that is old and rusted, a grey floor covered with some dust and dirt, a grey ceiling that has some cracks and some spider webs, and some grey walls that are covered with graffiti. Inside the basement room I would have a table, two chairs and some boxes that are spread around and are stacked up one on top of the other. Some of the directions I would give to the actors, Al Pacino and Johnny Depp would be to mention that Tigo and Dave are enemies and at the end of the short story, they become friends. I would also tell them to express their feelings and emotions such as when they are about to squeeze the trigger and shoot the Smith and Wesson . 38 Police Special next to their heads, when they speak about their girlfriends and when Tigo starts weeping because Dave’s head has been ripped away from the explosion. Last of all, I would tell them to use gangster voices and expressions. 4. Some of the words that I think are KEY to our understanding of the story would be: Enemy. Club. Settle. Situation Friends Explosion. Weeping. 5. Some grammatically incorrect sentences that I picked out are: I seen pieces before I’ve seen pieces before. I got no bad blood for you I’ve got no bad blood for you. We going to sit and talk all night Are we going to sit and talk all night. I man, you got to admit your boys shouldn’t have come into our territory last night I mean, you’ve got to admit that your boys shouldn’t have come into our territory last night. I got to admit nothing I’ve got to admit nothing. I never seen you either I’ve never seen you either. Where you from originally? – Where are you from originally? Why you giving me a break? Why are you giving me a break? The they get to be our people’s age and they turn to fat They get to be our people’s age and then they turn to fat. You’re the one needs the courage: You’re the one who needs the courage. There should be some body you can trust There should be somebody you can trust. Well here goes Well here it goes. We keep this up all night We can keep this up all night. 6. To begin with, in the passages of description, the author, Evan Hunter, describes Tigo and Dave and the different objects. Secondly, in the lines of dialogue, he describes the different discussions amongst themselves. Thirdly, in the passages of description and narrative he uses the Third Person Point of View by using the word ‘He’. However, in the lines of dialogue he uses Second Person Point of View by using the word ‘You’. Furthermore, in the passages of description and narrative, Evan Hunter, pretends to be in the same room as Dave and Tigo so therefore he can give more information to the readers. Last of all, the purpose of the Second Person Point of View by using the words ‘You’ in the lines of dialogue is used so that the author can pretend to be part of Dave and Tigo’s conversation so he can give more information to the readers. 7. Today’s age is more or less the same as the past generations. In the past, there were many wars were many people were killed. For example, in Europe there was World War One from 1914 to 1918 in which the Allied Forces (France, England, United States, Russia and Italy) fought versus Germany who belonged in the Central Powers and later on, there was World War Two from 1939 to 1945 where again, the Allied Forces fought versus Germany, Italy and Japan who belonged in the Axis Powers. Secondly, there also were many famous criminals. For example, there was John Dillinger from the United States, Jack the Ripper from England and Jacques Mesrine from France. Last of all, there were many different Civil Wars that erupted in different countries. For example, there was the American Civil War in the United States from 1861 to 1865 and the Irish Civil War in Ireland from 1922 to 1923. However, in nowadays, there are still some Civil Wars such as the Somali Civil War in Somalia that erupted in 1991 and the Civil War in Afghanistan that erupted in 1978. In nowadays, there is still some violence because nearly every single day, there are many stories on the news about children that have been kidnapped by one or several pedophiles. For example, there is Marc Dutroux from Belgium. Secondly, there is the Death Penalty which was used in many different countries in the past but today, it is still used in countries such as the United States, Korea DPR, China and Cuba. Last of all, there were many gangs in the past but they still exist today in the United States, South America, Eastern Europe and China. For example, in China you have the gang known as the ‘Triads’. To conclude, there is violence because of Terrorism. There is always a Terrorist Group such as Al Qaeda, Hamas or the Revolutionary Forces of Colombia (FARC) or an individual person who always has to commit an act of Terrorism to induce fear in victims who are ruthless and not protected against Terrorism. Therefore, they kill, injure, maim, destroy and terrorize many citizens. The Terrorist Group or individual person commits the Act of Terrorism for various reasons such as Revenge, Communism, Separatism, Poverty and Economic Disadvantages, Globalization, Religion, Social and Political Injustice. Additionally, there is violence within the Child Soldiers in countries such as Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo because they are brainwashed by their factions, clans or leaders and are ordered to kill other people who are defenseless when they are given an AK – 47. A perfect example would be the movie ‘Blood Diamond’ with Leonardo Dicaprio and directed by Edward Zwick. Last of all, there is violence in many different sports such as football (soccer) and basketball. It may happen when the supporters of a certain team will fight against the supporters of another team if they have any rivalries. For example, the Chelsea supporters will fight against the Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspurs or Manchester United supporters. This would create violence because many of them would get killed, wounded and stabbed. A second example would be a football player that would get killed by its own supporters. An incident of this type occurred in the 1994 World Cup in America where a Colombian football player, Andres Escobar, had accidentally scored an own goal in a match against the United States, a match which Colombia lost 2:1. On his return to Colombia, Andres Escobar had been confronted outside a bar in Medellin by a gunman who shot him six times. When he shot him, he always repeated ‘Goal ‘after each shot.

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis As a child I was reasoned into taking vitamin supplements as they would make me grow tall and strong. Micronutrients like vitamin C are an empirical base to the formula for maintaining a healthy and balanced body, vitamin C for example has proven to be fundamentally responsible for the regeneration of our teeth, bones, teeth and skin. Moreover its unique regenerative properties have made it a key component of several pharmaceutical products that treat disease that were once thought incurable, namely scurvy. Its biological significance adequately highlights the importance given to its estimation, but one must not forget its chemical relevance. Vitamin C has proven its chemical significance both as an antioxidant and a stabiliser for to the vitamin B complex, two applications where the amount of ascorbate is of the upmost importance. As part of a tenth grade science fair project I went about determining the concentration of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The means of volum etric analysis I used to determine the concentration of vitamin C was simple acid-base titration. I titrated vitamin C against a known quantity of analyte sodium hydroxide. The results I was left with did not successfully reflect the literature values; in fact I was far off. For years practising chemists have attempted to develop an analytical procedure that is simple to operate, rapid, accurate, sensitive and selective and consequently a large number of procedures have sprouted with diverging capabilities  [1]  . My decision to carry out the following investigation has arisen from the errors present whilst using acid-base titration, as a means of volumetric analysis for vitamin C, and a wish to analyse the varying procedures that have arisen in recent years for vitamin C estimation. I have conducted the following investigation with the following research question in mind: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Background Information: Vitamin C Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, berries, tomatoes and several other plant sources. It has several beneficial properties that play an imperative role in our bodys internal chemistry and therefore consistent intake of this organic molecule is of the upmost importance. Vitamin Cs primary role involves helping in the production of collagen a key component in connective tissues such the ligaments, tendons, skin, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. Along with its biological significance, Vitamin Cs unique structure has also made it chemically vital. Note: one could generalise and say that ascorbic acid and vitamin C are synonyms for each other; Vitamin C is in fact an L- enantiomer of ascorbic acid. An enantiomer is a compound whose molecular structure is not super imposable on its mirror image. The L signifies one of two forms of optical isomers, the second being D-form. Such specifications are irrelevant to this extended essay as the physical and chemical properties of two enantiomers of a chiral compound such as ascorbic acid are identical as long as they do not react with other optically active substances. Therefore for the purpose of simplifying this essay I have used the terms Vitamin C and ascorbic acid interchangeably. Vitamin C has an appearance ranging from a whitey to light yellowy powder. A typical molecule of this sugar-acid is composed of 6 carbon, 6 oxygen and 8 hydrogen atoms; this arrangement can be seen below: File:L-Ascorbic acid.svg Figure Ascorbic acid structure  [2]   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png Figure Ascorbic acid 3-D structure  [3]   Strictly speaking vitamin C is the enolic  [4]  form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. Most enols are unstable and therefore are quickly de-protonated to form an enolate ion, shown in the centre of figure 1: http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ascorbic_acidity3.png/500px-Ascorbic_acidity3.png Figure Transfer of electron pairs in ascorbic acid  [5]   Figure Distribution of Electrons in enolate ion  [6]   In the case of vitamin C it can further lose a proton as shown on figure 1 to the adjacent double bond, in turn stabilising the enolate ion. The transfer of electrons between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the existence of two resonance structures for the negative enolate ion are also characteristic of a vinylogous carboxylic acid.  [7]  It is important to note that vitamin C is a reducing agent (electron donor) and has a standard electrode potential of 0.08V. It is also water soluble because of the numerous hydroxyl groups that are found in its structure and can therefore form hydrogen bond with water molecules. Redox reactions For this investigation the effectiveness of colorimetry and titration will be explored by means of redox reactions in acidic media. This family of reactions is fundamentally concerned with the transferral of electrons between the species in a chemical system. Like acid-base reactions this family of reactions is antagonistic in nature, they occur in opposing pairs i.e. every reduction is accompanied by an oxidation reaction and vice versa. A Redox reaction is often characterised by the loss and subsequent gain in oxygen between two species in a system for example: Copper (II) oxide + Hydrogen = Copper + water CuO (s) + H2 (g) = Cu + H2O (g) In this case since copper oxide is losing oxygen, it is being reduced and subsequently one could say hydrogen is being oxidised into water due to the gain of oxygen. Similarly we could suggest that Hydrogen is the reducing agent as it takes oxygen away and copper oxide is the oxidizing agent since it gives away oxygen. Similarly a gain in hydrogen characterises a reduced species and a loss in hydrogen characterises an oxidised species. Yet not all redox reactions will involve oxygen, the reaction between sodium and chloride is redox in nature yet there are no molecules of oxygen involved. This gives a second set of definitions for redox reactions: If a species loses one or more electrons during a reaction it has been oxidised(oxidation), and if it gains electrons it has been reduced(reduction) A species removing electrons is an oxidising agent( species itself is reduced), and if a species donates electrons it is a reducing agent( species itself is oxidised) Note: In several chemical reactions the aforementioned transferral of electrons may never actually happen and because of this reason a more accurate description of oxidation is, an increase in the oxidation number of a species and therefore a reduction is defined as a decrease in the oxidation number of a species.  [8]   Redox reactions can be broken down into half equations to demonstrate the transferral: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Redox_Halves.png Figure Half equations  [9]   Experiment 1 Though colorimetry is being tested here, the principle reaction here is a redox reaction taking place between ascorbic acid and acidified Potassium permanganate. In its oxidised state Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purple crystallised structure. Considering it is a very strong oxidising agent, acidified KMnO4 (aq) was used as the oxidising titrant in this red-ox titration. In an acidic environment  [10]  it readily oxidises ascorbic acid consequently being reduced to Manganese (II) ions from its Manganate (VII) oxidised state. Half equation: Through our experimentation it was found that generally speaking the red-ox reaction harbours a decrease in the intensity of the purple inclining me to believe that eventually the solution would become colourless as all Manganate ions would be transformed into Manganese ions. This colour change was detected as an increase in transmittance, for successive concentrations of ascorbic acid by a colorimeter set to 565nm  [11]  . This positive correlation is evident on the trend lines presented on graphs 2 and 3. Yet one must account for the so to say false drops in transmittance. The drop can be explained by the formation of MnO2 particles which give the solution a dark brownish colour: Eventually the MnO2 particles precipitate under the influence of the sulphuric acid, allowing for the trend to continue. This phenomenon is further explained in the appendix. One should also note the fact that MnO4 has a standard electrode potential of 1.51V and considering that vitamin C has a lower one there is sure to be an effective redox reaction. Sulphuric acid Sulphuric plays a more significant role than simply providing the acidic conditions for the relevant redox reactions. Ascorbic acid itself is a weak acid and therefore would undergo a neutralisation reaction if it were in a basic environment (a pH higher than 7). It would thereafter be oxidised and the resulting product dehydroascorbic acid, would undergo a hydrolysis reaction due to the alkalinity of the solution. The ester bonds in Vitamin C would consequently break thus the degradation of vitamin C:  [12]   vitamin C decomposition Figure Degradation of Vitamin C  [13]   Furthermore sulphuric acid helps delay the spontaneous oxidation of ascorbic acid brought about by atmospheric conditions by providing a protective layer. Colorimetry A colorimeter measures the colour intensity of a sample in terms of the red, blue, and green components of light reflected from the solution. The instrument operates on the basis of Beer-Lamberts law  [14]  which states that the absorption of light transmitted through a species is directly proportional to the concentration of that species. Effectively we are measuring what fraction of a beam of light passing through a sample reaches a detector on the other side of the sample. The coloured analyte (species being studied) may absorb photons in the beam of light thus reducing the number of photons in the beam of light leaving the solution. The number of photons detected gives a value of the % transmittance which is the independent variable in this part of the investigation. A calibrated chart for known concentrations of ascorbic acid vs. %Transmittance was made to help identify unknown concentrations of ascorbic acid in different assays with respect to measured %transmittances. Iodometry The redox reaction between iodine and ascorbic acid can be used to calculate the amount of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea. The pre-prepared solution was made on the basis of this reaction: KIO3 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 I- (aq) â‚ ¬Ã‚  3 I2 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + K+ (aq) As we can see iodine solution can be acquired through this reaction. The iodine is quickly reduced into its iodide ion in the presence of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic in turn is oxidised into dehydroascorbic acid: Figure oxidation of ascorbic acid  [15]   Once the ascorbic acid has all been oxidised, iodine will remain in excess. As the iodine molecules build up they will react with the iodine ions to form a blue-black complex with the starch, marking the end-point of the titration. These are the relevant redox half equations: I2 + Reduction half reaction for Iodine at a slightly acidic pH Oxidation half reaction for vitamin-C (C6H8O6) at a slightly acidic pH Final redox reaction : C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2 I- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) (ascorbic acid) (dehydroascorbic acid) Preparing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution: Precisely fill a 1 litre Erlenmeyer flask with 600cm3 (600ml) of distilled water Measure out 4g of crushed potassium permanganate crystals, which are to be added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the distilled water Swirl the solution until all the KMnO4 has dissolved and an intense purple solution has been formed. Preparing standardised solutions of ascorbate: Pipette 5ml of 1M sulphuric acid into each of the test-tubes Carefully Pour 100 ml of distilled water in each of the test-tubes and seal them with a bung Place all the test-tubes in some form of refrigerated unit to delay the ascorbic acid from being oxidised Calculating calibration chart: Set up your data logging equipment and set your colorimeter so that a a green LED light of wavelength 565nm is transmitted across cuvettes Pipette 3ml of distilled water into a fresh cuvette and calibrate the colorimeter to the transmittance through distilled water is a 100% Pour 30 ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution into a 200 ml beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water Pipette 3ml of the 30ml KMnO4 (aq) into two fresh cuvettes Place these cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter Measure the transmittances for 12 seconds and record them as trial 1 and 2 for the transmittance for when no ascorbic acid is present Thoroughly clean and dry the 200ml beaker and thereafter carefully pour into it, 30ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution Remove test-tube 1 (containing 0.009 grams of ascorbic acid) and pour the contents into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4 (aq) After allowing the acidified red-ox reaction to continue for 5 minutes pipette 3ml of the product twice into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after the other into the colorimeter, set to wavelength 565nm, and record the respective transmittances for test tube 1 as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 14-17 for each test-tube thus retaining transmittance values for all the different quantities of ascorbic acid Plot a suitable calibration chart for the average of the two trials of each sample Extracting Vitamin C from cultivars of Brassica oleracea: Collect the necessary apparatus and clean it Set a hot plate to 50 degrees centigrade and place a beaker with 100 ml water and a thermometer on it Measure out 100g of Cabbage and place them in a beaker Once the water has reached 50 degrees remove the beaker of water from the hot plate and switch it with the beaker of leaves Leaves the leaves on the hot plate for 5 minutes to slow down the action of ascorbic acid oxidase Cut the sample of cabbage as much as possible to facilitate the grinding Note: Try to perform neat cuts so as to not release too much ascorbic acid oxidase which would obscure the results Add 5ml (as with the standardised solutions) of sulphuric acid to the leaves, add some sand to help make the grinding of the leaves easier Grind the mixture using a mortar and pester until an homogenate state is achieved ( you may add 10 ml of water to help achieve the homogenate state faster but this could obscure your results considering vitamin C is water soluble and it must be added before adding the acid) The homogenate mixture produced can now be filtered through the Mira cloth into a 200ml measuring beaker as shown in Appendix To attain maximum yield you may squeeze the Mira cloth to squeeze out any remaining fluid into the measuring cylinder, yet ensure that you have precisely 50 ml of the filtered liquid present in the measuring cylinder Note: ensure that 50 ml is present in each of the measuring cylinders regardless of the source Precisely dilute the filtrate to a 100 ml, seal the beaker and refrigerate it Steps 20- 30 will have to repeated for each cultivar so that you will end up with 3 beakers, each with an equal volume of the respective vegetable filtrate solution Analysing cultivars for Vitamin C: Repeat steps 8 and 9 Pour 30ml of the aqueous potassium permanganate into a 200ml beaker Remove the cabbage filtrate from the fridge and pour it into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4(aq) Allow the reaction to proceed for 5 minutes Pipette 3ml of this mixture twice, into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter that had been calibrated Record the transmittance for both cultivar solution for 12 seconds and record the results as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 33-38 for each cultivar Carrying out the Red-ox titration Titrate pre-prepared iodine solution against samples of ascorbic acid extracted from each vegetable: Make new samples of cultivar filtrate as outlined by steps 20 31 Add the 100 ml of the cabbage filtrate solution with the unknown concentration of ascorbic acid, to a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask Carefully Titrate  [16]  the pre-prepared iodine solution  [17]  to this analyte drop by drop until the end point, a bluish-black colour that persists after 30 seconds of swirling, is reached Repeat this experiment at least thrice; to obtain three different measurement that should agree with each other within 0.1 ml average the three results obtained Steps 40 to 44 have to be repeated for every cultivar filtrate Record all your results Table 18 Averages for all trials and final average No of moles of AA present in 100ml of aqueous potassium permanganate Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 -used for calibration chart (+/- 0.01%) Cultivar of Brassica oleracea Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 used for calibration chart Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Broccoli: Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.0048 mol dm-3 (L-1) Number of moles = Concentration Volume Number of moles = 0.0048 0.1 = 0.00048 moles Thus both graphs show same data, I shall use transmittance vs. Moles graph from now on as this way it is quicker to calculate the mass of ascorbic acid per 100g of the relevant cultivar of Brassica oleracea. Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00048 176.12 =0.08454 g/100ml =0.08454 g/100g =84.54mg of AA in 100g of broccoli (+/- 1.04%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cauliflower: Number of moles = 0.00023 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00023 176.12 = 0.04051 g/100ml = 0.04051 g/100g = 40.51mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/- 2.17%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cabbage: Number of moles = 0.00014 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00014 176.12 = 0.02466 g/100ml = 0.02466 g/100g (+/- 3.57%) = 24.66mg of AA in 100g of cabbage Amount of iodine solution titrated into Broccoli cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cauliflower cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cabbage cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Trial 1 49.00 28.00 21.00 Trial 2 51.00 25.00 16.00 Trial 3 50.00 28.00 20.00 Averages 50.00 27.00 19.00 Facts to bear: Molar ratio of iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1; ascorbic acid + I2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + dehydroascorbic acid Concentration of iodine solution is 0.01 mol L-1 Mr of Ascorbic acid for the purpose of this experiment is rounded to 176.12 g mol-1 It is assumed that 100 ml = 100g End point is where blue colour persists for more than 30 seconds Broccoli: On average 50 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.050 0.010 = 5.0 10-4moles of iodine solution used Since ratio is iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1 number of moles of ascorbic acid present in solution is equal to iodine used in titration. Number of moles of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml solution of broccoli juice = 5 10-4moles Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of broccoli juice solution = 5 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.08806g/ 100ml = 88.06 mg of AA in 100g of broccoli(+/- 0.10%) Cauliflower: On average 27 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.027 0.010 = 2.7 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cauliflower juice solution = 2.7 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.04755g/ 100ml = 47.55 mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/-0.19%) Cabbage: On average 19 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.019 0.010 = 1.9 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cabbage juice solution = 1.9 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.03346g/100ml = 33.46 mg of AA in 100g of cabbage (+/-0.26%) Concluding Investigation The point of this investigation was to explore the following research question: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Before assessing the proximity of the two sets of results obtained, I have provided a set of literature values to help determine not only the accuracy of each individual experiment but also to eventually determine which of the two procedure delivered more promising results. Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cabbage: 36.60 mg (20% refuse)  [18]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw broccoli: 89.20 mg (39% refuse)  [19]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cauliflower: 48.20 mg (61% refuse)  [20]   Surprisingly the experimental values for both experiments werent too far from the literature values provided above. Through colorimetry means it was found that 24.66 mg of ascorbic acid was to be found in the 100 gram assay of cabbage. As for the results obtained through iodometry it was found that the 100 g sample of cabbage consisted of 33.46mg. From the data collected it is evident that the iodometric means of analysis was more effective in determining ascorbate amount in cabbage as it returned a value that was 91.42% of the literature value whereas the colorimetry means returned a value that was 67.38% of the literature value. More significantly the error percentage concerning the cabbage was relatively lower for the iodometric titration than the error percentage for the Colorimetry based values, +/-0.26% and +/-3.57% respectively. The two aforementioned trends; difference between literature and experimental values and error percentage was similarly evident for both the other cul tivars. Iodometry returned a value of 47.55mg/100g of cauliflower assay with an error percentage of +/- 0.19% and by means of colorimetry a lower value of 40.51mg/100g was obtained with a higher error percentage of +/- 2.17%. Finally the broccoli assay too returned values that fit the aforementioned trend. The experimental values derived through colorimetry suggested a typical 100g assay of broccoli contains 84.54 mg of ascorbate with an error percentage of +/-1.04%. The Iodometric experiment returned a value in close proximity to the literature value; the results suggested that a typical 100g assay of broccoli may contain 88.06mg of ascorbic acid with a minimal error percentage of 0.10%. Through the data provided above one could superficially suggest that the redox titration involving iodine and ascorbic acid has much better served the purpose of determining ascorbic acid quantities in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea than using colorimetry to track the redox reaction between KMnO4 and ascorbic acid. Though this seems to be the case it is important to highlight the factors that could have affected the reliability of both experiments. The following variables were controlled: Source of cultivars Amount of cultivar in each assay Equal amounts of sulphuric acid used in all assays All assays were equally heated The results of two separate redox reaction was being measured in both experiments The means of extracting vitamin C out of the cultivars Yet it was not possible to control all the variables. One should primarily note how vitamin C is not equally displaced throughout a species of vegetable or fruit or any other source. Therefore the conjecture stated above about reliability of both the investigations holds true only if the following is assumed; vitamin C is equally present throughout all the cultivars of Brassica oleracea used. Practically speaking this was not the case as the iodometry experiment was carried out before the colorimetry thus leaving the cultivars more exposed to atmospheric oxidation thus in general there would be less ascorbic acid in the samples of cultivar mixed with KMnO4 than in the samples upon which iodine was titrated on. Furthermore the quantities of refuse with our experiments were inconsistent unlike that of the generalised literature values, though not calculated it was evident that our primitive school based techniques led to much more refuse than the stated amounts of the literature values . This applies foremostly to the cabbage, from which it was the hardest to retain an assay from and thus had a refuse of much higher than 20%. Inconsistent refuses wouldve have meant that the ascorbic acid extracted is not representative of the full 100g assay. One should also take account of the fact that atmospheric oxidation is inconsistent and irregular, because the experiments lasted over days. This could explain the lower values obtained for the longer lasting colorimetry investigation. The length of this investigation means that the sample solutions of vitamin C used to create the calibrated graph were sure to have lost vitamin C, despite being placed in a fridge; this questions the reliability of our calibrated graph and furthermore explains why the first investigation returned lower values of ascorbic acid in the 100g assays. Another problem with the colorimetry experiment was the fact that we used KMnO4 solution, which is generally contaminated with MnO2. The MnO2 as sugge sted earlier on in the investigation leads to false drops therefore leading once again to a questionable calibrated graph which has a general inward inclination thereof giving lower experimental values for ascorbate concentrations. The MnO2 induced drops basically lead to varying readings from the colorimeter which made it difficult to produce an accurate calibrated chart. Furthermore KMnO4 has the tendency to react with contaminants found in water due to its oxidative properties, thereby further discrediting the calibration curve made. Another major uncertainty was my use of iodine for the redox titration, not only did I not control the oxidising agent but iodine is evidently not specific enough to estimate amount of ascorbic acid in vegetable cultivars. This is because there are other reducing agents such as uric acid in broccoli, which interfere with the titer values. Since ascorbic acid is not the only one responsible for reducing iodine to iodide ions the assumed end point is q uestionable. This further suggests the higher values for vitamin C amount found through iodometry and explains why the results are so accurate relative to the literature values. There are several other uncertainties that one could consider such as the errors with the equipment, the loss of vitamin C whilst extracting it from the various cultivars and so forth yet they do not make a difference as both experiments are exposed to these uncertainties and thus in effect they cancel out and can be ignored. We have assessed the flaws in each of the means of analysis and taking all aspects into consideration i find the permanganate and vitamin C redox reaction tracked by a colorimeter a better method. Fitstly because we are not relying on anindicator, permanganate is an indicator itself, and the concentration does not deteriorate if well stopped in amber bottles whereas concentrations of iodine dramatically deteriorate overtime. Furthermore it seems the flaws with this investigation are more technical in nature and can be m

Digital Certificates :: Essays Papers

Digital Certificates General Introduction The creation of Digital Ids has become lately a big need since a variety of electronic transaction including e-mail, electronic commerce, groupware and electronic funds transfer have made a part of everyone's life especially those that accessing the net makes the basis of their daily work where nothing can introduce them or identify them but a digital certificate that is authenticated for the server. Thus, in order to prove your identity in electronic transactions, just as a driver license or a passport does in face-to-face interaction, came the need to create Digital Ids that are instrumental in establishing a secure channel for communicating any sensitive information back to the server. In this way, every document or data or information sent to friends, associations, firms... are authentic. In more words, Digital Ids are presented to show your right to access information or online services. Digital Ids are also known as certificates. They are issued by certification authority (ca) such as Verisign, that provides besides issuing, revocation and renewing of the certificates. Therefor Digital Ids provide a more complete security solution. A Digital Id typically contains the: 1- Owner's public key. 2- Owner's name. 3- Expiration date of the public key. 4- Name of the issuer (the certification authority that issued the Id ex: Verisign). 5- The serial number of the Digital Id. 6- Digital signature of the issuer. Types of Certificates. 1- Personal Certificates: used to identify yourself to the server and to all users. 2- Server Certificates: designed to protect you and your visitors to your site, it's used by secure servers who ensure the user that his affiliation is legitime. 3- Advantages: a- Authenticate your site: A Digital certificate on your server automatically communicates your site's authenticity to visitor's web browsers, confirming that the visitor is actually communicating with you, and not with a fraudulent site stealing credit card numbers or any personal information. b- keep private communication private: Digital Certificates encrypt the data visitors that exchange with your site to keep it safe from interception or tampering using SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology, the industry-standard method for protecting web communications. Virtually all web servers and leading browsers, including Netscape Communicator, are optimized and ready for SSL. To activate SSL sessions with visitors to your site, all you need is a Digital Certificate for your sever. c- Identity visitors: If visitors to your site use personal Digital Certificates, your server can instantly recognize them, facilitating instant log-in ( and preventing later repudiation of the web transaction ).

Chemistry and Carbohydrates Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Chemistry of Carbohydrates The chemistry of carbohydrates most closely resembles that of alcohol, aldehyde, and ketone functional groups. As a result, the modern definition of a carbohydrate is that the compounds are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones. The chemistry of carbohydrates is complicated by the fact that there is a functional group (alcohol) on almost every carbon. In addition, the carbohydrate may exist in either a straight chain or a ring structure. Ring structures incorporate two additional functional groups: the hemiacetal and acetal.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A major part of the carbon cycle occurs as carbon dioxide is converted to carbohydrates through photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are utilized by animals and humans in metabolism to produce energy and other compounds. Carbohydrates are initially synthesized in plants form a complex series of reactions involving photosynthesis. They store energy in the form of starch or glycogen in animals and humans. They provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles. Carbohydrates also supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds. (Berdanier, Pgs 45-47). Metabolism occurs in animals and humans after the ingestion of organic plant or animal foods. In the cells a series of complex reactions occurs with oxygen to convert. For example glucose sugar into the products of carbon dioxide and water and energy. This reaction is also carried out by bacteria in the decomposition/decay of waste maters on land and in water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Combustion occurs when any organic material is reacted or burned in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of carbon dioxide and water and energy. The organic material can be any fossil fuel such as natural gas (methane), oil, or coal. Other organic materials that combust are wood, paper, plastics, and cloth. The whole purpose of both processes is to convert chemical energy into other forms of energy such as heat. All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units). Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit (monosaccharides) or two sugar units (disaccharides) are referred to as simple sugars. Simple sugars are sweet in taste and are broken down quickly in the body to release energy. Two of the most common monosaccharides are glucose and fructose. Glucose is the primary form of sugar stored in the human body for ener... ...o these animals can digest cellulose. There is now a large amount of evidence that carbohydrates can improve the performance of athletes. During high intensity exercise, carbohydrates are the main fuel for the muscles. By consuming high levels of carbohydrate before, during and after training or an event, glycogen stores are kept well stocked. These stocks help the athlete to perform for longer and help their bodies sustain the effort. The vital role of physical activity in maintaining health and fitness in the general population is now recognized. For those who want to keep fit and active, a well-balanced high-carbohydrate diet is recommended. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berdanier, Carolyn D. Carbohydrate Metabolism. Washington, 1976. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honeyman, John. Introduction to the Chemistry of Carbohydrates. Oxford, Clarendon, 1968. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robyt, John F. Essentials of Carbohydrate Chemistry. New York, 1998. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bradley, Ron. â€Å"The Basics of Carbohydrates.† Eufic Inc. Aug 9, 1998. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Carbohydrates.† Vision Learning. The National Science Foundation, 2003.

Albrecht durer

When and where did Udder work? Durra worked during the middle ages, and lived in Murderer during what we know recognize as its golden age. 2. Who and what was an influence on his artwork? In 1494, Udder traveled to Italy to study art, Udder was heavily influenced by the Italians, and one writer in particular: Vitreous. Udder was most interested in their efforts to find the mathematical proportions for portraying the perfect figure. One artist Udder drew inspiration from in particular while he was studying in Italy, was Andrea Antenna, an Italian painter fascinated with the element of perspective.But a huge fear that Udder captured and used, as inspiration was the idea of the world coming to an end, the idea of the end of the world was one everyone at the time was obsessed with. Udder seized this idea and ventured out to complete the tedious, and never before completed project of being the first person to both publish and illustrate a book. The task was incredibly complicated, though as a result, Udder invented the printing press, and Udder successfully created the book, which told of both the end, and the new beginning that was to come. 3. What techniques does Udder use?Udder uses the technique of line and texture very frequently in his printing, drawing and paintings. The image to the right shows a drawing by Udder, this drawing features both the techniques of line and texture very clearly, line, being used to create an almost tactile texture of the hands, making them seem real. Why dose he work this way? I believe Udder worked in such a way because it was exactly how the subject looked in real life, he didn't try and make the hands (in this case) look how people pictured the hands to look, he drew them in the exact way he saw them.What affect dose this have on the portrayal of his subject matter? This has the simple effect of making the drawing look very realistic. Udder also painted many self portraits, some even accuse him as being vein, this realistic meth od meant that unlike almost every portrait of the time, Udder painted his subject, himself, looking straight at the viewer, stead of doing what most painters did, which was to turn the person three quarters of the way, so the were looking out, and not directly at the viewer. Was it different from his contemporaries?Although Udder was the first of his time to discover and use the printing press, I don't believe Udder was so different from his contemporaries; he did things that at the time were seen as quite revolutionary, though his art shares many similarities with other artists of his time, such as Lucas Crash. Based on what you can see in the image and your research, in 4 sentences describe the subject matter and the theme of the work. The subject matter of the print includes the horses, and their riders, the horses are all metaphors of what would cause the apocalypse.Another element of the subject matter includes the devastation that the horses are causing. The themes present in the artwork include, the clear theme of death, and also destruction. In 2 sentences describe Duress use of materials and techniques- (placement within the composition, printing method). Be sure to mention where this is evident in the artwork The print is highly intricate, and the use of line which is clearly evident, particularly around the clouds, and at the feet of the horses, giving the effect they are running. Udder uses the element of shape and color to make the print look even and lanced.In 4 sentences discuss what you believe are the most dominant art elements in this work? How is it affected by the art principles? I believe the most dominant art elements in this print are line, texture and color, or in this case shading, the use of color helps to create unity and balance in the print by making it look even and composed. The use of line creates texture, contributing to the presence of contrast in the print. Do you think the use of contrast is important? Why? I do think the us e of contrast is important, primarily because the contrast is the actual lines, which make up the print.But also because the contrast helps to form the shapes of the print and separates the different elements of the subject matter. How do you think the formal qualities in conjunction with the subject matter help to create meaning? In your response identify any signs and symbols evident in the work. 8 sentences. The work is deeply metaphoric, the main metaphor in the print is the obvious 4 horses, the horses were seen to be symbols of what would, in the end, end the world, the first horse, the white horse was a symbol for, The second horse, the red horse held a metaphoric symbol for war.The third kings men rode a black horse, which was seen to resemble famine. And the last horse was known as the pale horse, and was named death. At the top of the print there is an angle who's gown, once elaborate, is now wrecked and seems almost burnt at the bottom. At the bottom of the print you will find people being trampled by the horses, and unluckily for the man in the bottom left corner, it looks as if he is about to be eaten by some kind of fire monster. Efforts to find the mathematical proportions for portraying the perfect figure. One

Economics Classical and Keynesian Essay

1. Suppose during 2012 there is a sudden unanticipated burst of inflation. Consider the situations faced by the following individuals—who gains and who loses? a. A homeowner whose wages will keep pace with inflation during the year, but whose monthly mortgage payments will remain fixed. This person has gained. Nominal income is income that you receive in a given time period and it is measured in current dollars. Real income is nominal income adjusted for inflation and is the purchasing power that your money has. Real income dictates the amount of goods and services the nominal income will buy. The homeowner’s nominal income has increased (say 3%), but inflation has increased by the same amount (3%). The 3 percent increase in inflation reduces the 3 percent increase in nominal income, so the nominal income has not increased faster than inflation. The nominal income has kept pace with inflation. The homeowner’s gain is in regards to his fixed mortgage. Because his mortgage is fixed, it is immune to the inflation increase. If his nominal income in 2011 is $30,000 and his mortgage is $12,000 per year, he has $18,000 remaining to pay all other expenses in 2011. If the homeowner receives a 3 percent raise, his nominal income for 2012 will be $30,900.00. His mortgage payment is fixed and will remain $12,000.00 per year. This leaves $18,900.00 of nominal income. When you reduce this nominal income by 3 percent to adjust for inflation, the homeowner has $18,333.00 of real income to pay for all other expenses in 2012. This is an increase of $333.00 from the year 2011 to 2012. This is not a huge increase, but this homeowner does gain. He can purchase more goods and services in 2012 than he did in 2011. 2011 Budget 2012 Budget Nominal income for 2011 $30,000.00 Nominal income for 2012 with 3% raise from 2011 $30,900.00 Mortgage in 2011 $12,000.00 Mortgage in 2012 $12,000.00 Money remaining for other expenses $18,000.00 Money remaining for all other expenses for the year 2012 before adjusted for inflation $18,900.00 Subtracting 3% from $18,900.00 to adjust for inflation, the real income per year is $18,333. This is the money remaining for all other expenses in 2012: $333 more than in 2011. $18,333.00 b. An apartment landlord who has guaranteed to his tenants that their monthly rent payments will remain the same as it was in 2011. The landlord loses because he receives less real income when inflation increases unexpectedly. The rent from his tenants becomes less than if prices had remained stable. The landlord’s income comes from the rent payments of the people living in the building. If he collects $200,000 in 2011 from rent payments, his nominal income for 2011 is $200,000. If inflation is 3 percent in 2012, his real income decreases. Real income is nominal income adjusted for inflation. Three percent inflation would reduce the nominal income by $6,000. This person’s real income would be $194,000. This is obviously less purchasing power than he had in 2011. Because the landlord’s nominal income stays the same and prices increase, his real income falls and his money has less purchasing power. He can buy fewer goods and services in 2012 than he did in 2011. The landlord’s nominal income has not risen faster than the rate of inflation and he ends up with a smaller share of total output. Inflation causes a redistribution of income and wealth. The landlord’s income has been redistributed. Inflation has caused $6,000 of the landlords’ money to be redistributed to the tenants. The tenants will continue to purchase at least as many goods and services in 2012 as they did in 2011. The landlord’s real income will fall relative to people whose nominal income increases with inflation. This income redistribution acts like a tax. It takes income or wealth from one group and gives it to another. Those who have gained in this situation are the tenants whose rent will not increase, but the landlord loses. c. A retired individual who earns a pension with a fixed monthly payment from their past employer during 2015: This person has lost. His nominal income remains the same, but his real income decreases because of  inflation and his dollars have less purchasing power. He has less money in 2012 to purchase goods and services than he had in 2011 and his standard of living decreases. He is able to purchase fewer goods and services than he could the previous year because his nominal income has remained the same and his real income is less. His real income has fallen relative to those whose nominal income has increased. His nominal income does not keep pace with inflation and he ends up with a smaller share of total output. 2. Explain the difference between REAL and NOMINAL GDP. Which do you suppose would be the more important measure when looking at long term economic growth as shown in the Aggregate Supply/Demand model? Gross Domestic Product is the dollar value of all the output of goods and services produced in a year in a country. Nominal GDP is that dollar value expressed in current prices. Real GDP is nominal GDP adjusted for price increases (inflation). Nominal GDP is calculated using current prices and real GDP is calculated using constant prices. Real GDP is an inflation-adjusted measure of physical output. Real GDP is the more important measure when looking at long term economic growth. The rate of economic growth measures the annual percentage increase in real GDP. Real GDP is the variable that is used to mo nitor long-term growth in the economy because it is the most comprehensive measure of economic activity. The Aggregate Supply/Demand model focuses on the behavior of two variables, the economy’s output of goods and services, as measured by real GDP; and the overall price level, as measured by the CPI. The output on the horizontal axis of the model is real GDP, which is the measure of the true value of annual national production. The amount of GDP output varies every year and so does inflation. Therefore, how we measure real GDP growth must be adjusted to reflect inflation. If the economy of a country in 2000 allowed for output to reach $100 million and in 2001 the economy allowed for output to reach $110 million, it appears that the economy has grown by 10 percent; but this is nominal GDP and has not been adjusted for inflation. When you adjust 2001’s GDP for inflation, say 5%, the real GDP for 2001 is $105 million. The economy has actually grown by 5 percent and $5 million dollars. This is still a large number, but not as large as $10 million. If you use nominal GDP to measure long-term economic growth, you are not getting the true picture of how much output has increased, or if it has actually fallen. If nominal GDP increases by 2 percent, but inflation  increases by 3 percent, output has actually declined by 1 percent. If you use nominal GDP, it could look like output has had a huge increase from year to year, but this gives a false measure. Nominal GDP has to be adjusted for changing price levels. Real GDP gives us an accurate reading of GDP because it measures output at constant prices. The more important measure of economic growth is reflected through real GDP. 3. Classical and Keynesian economists believe in a different role for the government in dealing with recessions. Explain the differences between the two theories and the different roles. Classical and Keynesian economists see the role of the government differently when dealing with a recession. Classical economists believe in the invisible hand and Keynesian economists believe in a helping hand. From the Classical point of view, the economy is inherently stable. They believe there is an automatic mechanism (an invisible hand) that moves the market toward equilibrium and stability. The Classical theory is based on the principle that the market can regulate itself when left alone. When output declines, it is only temporary and the market will self-adjust. Classical economists believe the role of the government during a recession should be to leave the market alone (laissez faire). Government intervention can o nly bring the economy down and impede the market mechanism from working. In the long run, the good of the economy is best served if the government does not interfere. Classical economists believe that long-run growth is more important and short-run losses are acceptable. The Classical theorists believe that supply creates its own demand (Say’s Law). If a good is produced, it will be purchased. Buyers and sellers just have to find a price acceptable to both. Classical economists believe that the economy is stimulated when more goods are produced. The concept of flexible prices is very important to the Classical theory. When demand slows, sellers can lower their prices to increase demand and thus restore equilibrium. If demand is too high, sellers can raise their prices to restore equilibrium. Flexible wages are also important to the Classical theory. When someone is unemployed, they can find another job by working for less money. Flexible wages guarantee that anyone who wants to work will work. Keynesian theory states that the economy is inherently unstable and needs a helping hand to find its equilibrium. This helping hand comes in the form of government intervention. Keynesian economists believe that the market is not capable of  achieving equilibrium by itself and it is possible that disequilibrium will last for a long time. Keynes believed that small changes in output, prices, or employment were likely to be magnified, not correcte d, by the invisible hand. He believed that the depression of the 1930s was not a unique event. He argued that a depression would happen again if we relied on the market mechanism to self-regulate. He saw that macro failure was the rule, not the exception. In the Keynesian economic model, the government has the important role of smoothing out business cycle bumps to ensure economic growth and stability. Keynes believed in helping the economy in the short run, not the long run. When in a recession, the government should not wait to see when or if the market will self-correct. Keynes believed the government should intervene to save jobs and income. Keynes saw that policy levers are both effective and necessary. Without such intervention the economy would experience repeated macro failures. The Keynesian perspective argues that an economy left alone will not reach its full capacity. Corrective intervention can come in the form of government spending (increased or decreased), tax cuts, or tax increases. Also, Keynesian economists believe that if you demand it, it will be supplied. Keynesian theory maintains that most economies are demand driven and supply is based on demand. Keynesian theory believes in inflexible prices and wages. Prices do increase, but prices are not as flexible when going down. Suppliers must make a profit and will not supply at a loss. It is the same for wages. Wages do decrease, but they are much more inflexible when traveling in that direction. Keynes also saw that the economy does, at times, call for a budget deficit or surplus. Duri ng a recession, the government can increase spending and/or lower taxes. This will cause the budget to run a deficit. Keynes also felt that when the economy is in good shape the debt should be paid. Debt payment can come in the form of spending cuts and/or tax increases. Keynes saw nothing wrong with an unbalanced budget when it was needed to keep the economy healthy and running smoothly. 3. Which do you believe is the relevant one in today’s current economic downturn? Keynesian theory is the relevant theory in today’s economic downturn. The market does need a helping hand. The economy can self-adjust, but the downturns can last for long periods and people suffer during these times. Without government intervention, an economic downturn can continue as it did in the 1930s. The government does have  policy levers available that they can use to shift the aggregate demand and/or aggregate supply curves. These measures help restore the economy to its full production possibilities potential.

Family Systems and Healthy Development Essay

In today’s world, families are dynamic and interdependent systems. The developmental processes of the children in the family are deeply affected by how the family system operates. However, a family’s structure does not determine whether it is a healthy family system or not. Today, families consist of single parents, stepparents, divorced parents, remarried parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles. They are all able to contribute to a healthy functioning family system by meeting each family member’s needs and encouraging positive communication (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Unhealthy family systems have negative and possibly long-term effects on a child, both physically and emotionally. An unhealthy family system affects brain development and social development. Moreover, parents hold a particularly important part in their child’s spiritual development. When a family system lacks spiritual modeling, the children do not develop a spiritual relationship and lack religi ous meaning in their family life (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). Healthy Family Systems A healthy family system is a family unit in which each members has their needs met. These needs include safety, security, survival, love and belonging, as well as self-esteem and developmental skills. In a healthy family structure, the family members share a love for one another, respect each other and follow a set of rules that protect and maintain the welfare and development of each family member (Jamiolkowski, 2008). A happy and healthy family system has open communication between family members. Opinions and ideas are encouraged. Since children in a healthy family system are encouraged to communicate their wants and needs, they are confident enough to speak up in family matters. This helps develop a positive and confident self-identity. The children in the family are taught a core group of values to establish right from wrong, as well as personal boundaries. Rules, which must be applied, are enforced fairly and consistently, but are flexible. A healthy family system makes a child feel  cared for, validated and valued. Supportive parenting is a term used to describe parents whose authoritative parenting style is firm, with clear and consistent limits, but with warmth, proactive teaching, interest and involvement in their child’s peer activities, as well as calm discussions while disciplining. Authoritative parents tend to be firm and set clear and consistent limits. Although strict, they are loving and supportive, and communicate to the child the rationale for their punishment, along with an explanation for why they should behave a certain way. This encourages independence in the child (Feldman, 2014). Research has shown that healthy friendships in which close ties emerge are developed when parents provide a warm and supportive home environment (Feldman, 2014). Children emulate positive social interactions and roles, which they learn from the adults in their lives who they model after. Children living in healthy family systems develop a strong and positive relationship with their parents or caregiver and will encourage positive relationships with others. Unhealthy Family Systems The parenting style in the home will result in differences in the children’s behavior. For example, an authoritarian parent is controlling, punitive and strict. Their rules are not flexible and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement. These children tend to be withdrawn with little sociability. Girls are usually especially dependant on the parents, while boys tend to be unusually hostile. On the other hand, permissive parenting provides a relaxed and inconsistent method of discipline. They place little to no limits or control on how their children behave, and require little of their children. These children also tend to be dependent and moody, low in social skills and self-control (Feldman, 2014). It can sometimes be difficult to discern whether a family system is healthy or not. Even healthy family members can become understandably upset by circumstances and don’t always deal with stressful situations well. However, an unhealthy family system is usually created by one or more members. Parents who were raised in unhealthy family systems may carry over the same traits to their own families. Also, other factors that can cause an unhealthy family system is a parent or main caregiver with a serious problem such as mental illness, alcohol abuse or drug addiction. This causes communication in the family to  be strained and distorted. Opinions and ideas are discouraged and usually ignored. Usually children deal with mixed messages and conflicting ideas, making it harder for them to discern between appropriate and inappropriate behavior. They develop poor personal boundaries and have a hard time participating in loving relationships (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Effects of an Unhealthy System Children in unhealthy family systems usually suffer from one or more forms of abuse. This can range from physical abuse to psychological abuse or neglect. At least five children are killed each day by their parent or caregiver, and about 3 million children are abused or neglected each year in the United States (Feldman, 20124). Abuse, at any level causes long-term and permanent effects on the development of a child. Physically abused children are more likely to be resistant to control and do not adapt well to new situations. They suffer from more headaches and stomach aches than the average child. They also experience frequent bed-wetting, suffer from high anxiety and may show developmental delays. Psychological abuse is associated with low self-esteem, lying, underachievement in school, and misbehavior. They can easily become depressed and are at high risk for suicide. Victims of physical and psychological abuse suffer from so many consequences because their brain goes through permanent changes due to the abuse. Childhood abuse can lead to a reduction in the size of the amygdala and hippocampus. Antisocial behaviors are caused by the overstimulation of the limbic system through the feeling of stress, fear or terror (Feldman, 2014). It is likely that the child’s parents will influence their religious and spiritual development. This is done through verbal communication, induction and indoctrination of beliefs with the help of disciplinary tactics as well as rewards (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). Therefore, parents have the important task of guiding their children through their spiritual development. However, if the parent makes their child’s spiritual experience a negative one, it may make the child rebel. This can occur when the parents show fanaticism towards a certain belief or religion (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Parents should apply spiritual modeling, in which children model their parents’ spiritual behavior. This can include engaging in activities that promote religious and spiritual development and  performing religiously motivated charity for others. These kinds of family routines and traditions help form the religious meaning in family life (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson, 2006). Conclusion Maintaining a healthy family system is key for raising a confident, loving and emotionally balanced child. A healthy family system provides a positive and safe home environment which promotes communication and respect between parents and children. Supportive parents uphold rules in a consistent, yet flexible manner while explaining to the child the reasoning and lesson behind the consequence. In an unhealthy family system, children sometimes endure physical and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. This affects brain development, as well as emotional and social development. Children from unhealthy family systems are usually dependent on the parents, have withdrawn personalities or are aggressive. They are unable to create personal and lasting relationships outside of the home, including those at a spiritual level. If the parents do not show positive religious and spiritual role modeling at home, the child will likely not take an interest in it as well. References Feldman, R. S. (2014). Development across the life span (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Jamiolkowski, R.M. (2008). Coping in a Dysfunctional Family. New York: Rosen Pub. Group Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson (2006). The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication.

African American Gay Rights Essay

I cannot begin to argue about African American/Hispanic LGBT, living in New York City and their civil rights without remembering the public outcry against black civil rights. Although the focus of this paper is on African American/Hispanic LGBT living in New York City and Their Rights to Marriage I have decided to start my paper of by discussing the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. The civil rights movement of the 1960’s and the continuing struggle against race-based discrimination were rooted in the struggle against slavery. As early as the eighteen hundreds the United States legislative had laws known as segregation laws that limited certain freedom to them. They had to live in separate neighborhood, attend separate schools, drive in the back of public buses verses in the front where Whites were; African American would not dare go against these laws back then because if and when they did, they were unjustly imprisoned, beaten lynched and more for just trying to exercise human rights. In the 1960s African Americans led a fight to remove the legally codified vestiges of slavery from our constitution and from state and local laws. Most repulsive among these, were Jim Crow laws that required racial segregation; African Americans had to endure all these things until The Civil Rights Movement. The modern concept of civil rights was pioneered by African Americans in their long struggle to become full citizens of the United States. From the Civil Rights Movement to the Stonewall Riots of 1969 to May 17, 2004, the LGBTQ movement has made some tremendous gains into mainstream society, a reality that has not been afforded to African Americans. The African American Civil Rights Movement gave birth to many other civil rights movements in the 1960s. African Americans not only made new law, their success gave new hope. Among the many efforts sparked by the African American Civil Rights Movements were the efforts to end discrimination against women, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, people with disabilities and lesbians and gays. Some African American still has one more river to cross because now African American LGBT are fighting a new civil war, the fight for same sex marriage; the right to be legally married. Currently, marriage has two distinct components: civil marriage and the religious ritual of marriage. Mixed-gender couples can have a civil marriage without the religious ceremony/ritual. Couples can have a religious ceremony/ritual, without a civil marriage. Some couples can choose both. However, to receive the legal protections of marriage, a couple must have a civil marriage, which is the only marriage that can be addressed by courts or legislatures. The LBGT believe that the rights and legal protections of civil marriage that are given to mixed-gender couples and families should also be extended to couples and families who are headed by same-gender couples. These include the rights of survivorship, inheritance, insurance, joint income tax filing, and a myriad of rights that many mixed-gender couples take for granted. For African American LGBT, state regulation has been particularly harsh. State sodomy law has had a way of preventing LGBT from acquiring some of the rights they are entitle to. Today, fewer than half the state has sodomy laws. LGBT recognizes New York City for being the birth place for many modern gay movements; however, New York has not yet passed any law giving LGBT legal protection and political support, (right to marriage being on of them). New York State gay rights bill, first introduced in 1971, still has not become law. While other states, like Vermont has established civil unions for LGBT, New York has not. Andy Humm writes that the biggest gay-related debate throughout the country right now is over government sanction of same-sex elationships. Vermont has gone the furthest, establishing â€Å"civil unions† for gay couples that confer almost all of the rights to which a married man and woman are entitled, though stopping short of full legal marriage. New Yorkers may travel to Vermont for the civil ceremony as of July 1, but there is some question as to what legal weight it will carry back home. The federal government enacted the â€Å"Defense of Marriage Act† (DOMA) in 1996 when it looked as if Hawaii might give same-sex couples marriage licenses. It barred federal recognition of legal same-sex marriages performed in any state and gave the other states the right not to honor such a contract. Thirty-two states have passed laws barring recognition of same-sex marriages performed in other states, even though no state or nation allows gay couples to obtain a marriage license. (Holland will likely be the first in 2001. ) A New York version of the Defense of Marriage Act is pending in Albany, but has not had a vote in either chamber. Bibliography Diane Silver et al. , The New Civil War: The Lesbian and Gay Struggle For Civil Rights (New York; New York:1997), 25-26 Andy Humm, â€Å"The State of gay rights in New York,† Available http://www. gothamgazette. com/iotw/gayrights/ (Accessed May 16, 2005).

Astronomy 101 - Learning About Stars

Astronomy 101 - Learning About Stars Astronomers are often asked about objects in the cosmos and how they came to be. Stars, in particular, fascinate many people, particularly because we can look out on a dark night and see so many of them. So, what are they? Stars are massive shining spheres of hot gas. Those stars you see with your naked eye in the night sky all belong to the Milky Way Galaxy, the huge system of stars that contains our solar system. There are around 5,000 stars which can be seen with the naked eye, though not all stars are visible at all times and places. With a small telescope, hundreds of thousands of stars can be seen. Larger telescopes can show millions of galaxies, which can have upwards of a trillion or more stars. There are more than 1 x 1022 stars in the universe (10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000). Many are so large that if they took our Suns place, they would engulf Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Others, called white dwarf stars, are around the size of Earth, and neutron stars are less than about 16 kilometers (10 miles) in diameter. Our Sun is about 93 million miles from Earth, 1 astronomical Unit (AU). The difference in its appearance from the stars visible in the night sky is due to its close proximity. The next closest star is Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light-years (40.1 trillion kilometers (20 trillion miles) from Earth. Stars come in a wide variety of colors, ranging from deep red, through orange and yellow to an intense white-blue. The color of a star depends on its temperature. Cooler stars tend to be red, while the hottest ones are blue. Stars are classified many ways, including by their brightness. They are also divided into brightness groups, which are called magnitudes. Each star magnitude is 2.5 times brighter than the next lower star. The brightest stars now represented by negative numbers and they can be dimmer than 31st magnitude.   Stars - Stars - Stars Stars are primarily made of hydrogen, smaller amounts of helium, and trace amounts of other elements. Even the most abundant of the other elements present in stars (oxygen, carbon, neon, and nitrogen) are only present in very small quantities. Despite the frequent use of phrases like the emptiness of space, space is actually full of gases and dust. This material gets compressed by collisions and blast waves from exploding stars, causing lumps of matter to form. If the gravity of these protostellar objects is strong enough, they can pull in other matter for fuels. As they continue to compress, their internal temperatures rise to the point where hydrogen ignites in thermonuclear fusion. While the gravity continues pulling, trying to collapse the star into the smallest possible size, the fusion stabilizes it, preventing further contraction. Thus, a great struggle ensues for the life of the star, as each force continues to push or pull. How Do Stars Produce Light, Heat, and Energy? There are a number of different processes (thermonuclear fusion) which make stars produce light, heat and energy. The most common happens when four hydrogen atoms combine into a helium atom. This releases energy, which is converted to light and heat. Eventually, most of the fuel, hydrogen, is exhausted. As the fuel begins to run out, the strength of the thermonuclear fusion reaction declines. Soon (relatively speaking), gravity will win and the star will collapse under its own weight. At that time, it becomes what is known as a white dwarf. As the fuel further depletes and reaction stops all together, it will collapse further, into a black dwarf. This process can take billions and billions of years to complete. Toward the end of the twentieth century, astronomers began to discover planets orbiting other stars. Because planets are so much smaller and fainter than stars, they are difficult to detect and impossible to see, so how do scientists find them? They measure tiny wobbles in a star’s motion caused by the gravitational pull of the planets. Although no Earth-like planets have been discovered yet, scientists are hopeful. Next lesson, well take a closer look at some of these balls of gas.

Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics

Human Behavior in Business Ethics Ethics in Business from a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner are both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to ana lyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee could not distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The ... Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics Free Essays on Human Behavior In Business Ethics Human Behavior in Business Ethics Ethics in Business from a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner are both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to ana lyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee could not distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employee is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The ...

Alsace essays

Alsace essays Alsace, one of the smallest French provinces (8, 200 km2)(Discover France, notecard #2), is located in the far north-east corner of the country, surrounded by the well-known Foret Noire (Black Forest) and the Vosges mountains. You can find there rich farmland, dense forests, vineyards, towns and villages. Population of Alsace is about 1,649,000(Discover France, notecard #2) . The density of population is 209 people per km2. Like any other French province, Alsace has a big variety of different foods. You may like to try pates de fois gras of Strasbourg and choucroute. Dont forget to appreciate the wonderful taste of porc au deux pommeswhich consists of porc served with potatoes and apples, delicious tarte Alsacienne (fruit- and custard-filled tart), and the original potato salad with sausage, which reveals the German influence on Alsatian cuisine. In case you want to try Alsatian beverages, choose wines, liqueurs, and famed Alsatian beer. Alsace is divided into the departments of Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin, together with its traditional capital Strasbourg, which is a major port on the river Rhine. Strasbourg is not only the capital of Alsace, but also the capital of the German-speaking France. The majority of local announcements are in both languages. Although Strasbourg is a small compact city, it is a modern European economic and administrative centre. It is a fast-developing city and is now home to the European Parliament, the European Court, and the European Commission of Human Rights. Many foreign companies and the French headquarters of international banks are located there. The quality of life is very high in Strasbourg. There are also high employment possibilities for well-educated people. A great number of architectural achievements and museums in Strasbourg represernt the citys formula of combining the old ith the contemporary. For instance, ...

Jonslive

Jonslive The main theme in this novel, was one, which confused me very much. Most of Agatha Christie's novels are mysteries so they are filled with many details. For example, freshman year I read "And then there were None," by Agatha Christie and it was a complicated mystery to follow and one that took me a while to understand. In all of her mystery novels the plot is revolved around murder. Someone who murdered someone is their sleep, a murder that had taken place in a house that the main character(s) had just moved into, or a group of people selected to stay in a mansion were they were murdered one by one.Soon after Gwenda Reed (main character) moved into her new home, very strange things started to happen. While she was trying to decorate the house to make it more modern, she dug up it's past. Every time she climbed the stairs, of the house she felt a sense of terror go through her.Gwenda Thomas

Worked Empirical Formula Chemistry Problem

Worked Empirical Formula Chemistry Problem The empirical formula of a chemical compound gives the ratio of elements, using subscripts to indicate the number of each atom. Its also known as the simplest formula. Here is how to find the empirical formula, with an example: Steps for Finding the Empirical Formula You can find the empirical formula of a compound using percent composition data. If you know the total molar mass of the compound, the molecular formula usually can be determined as well. The easiest way to find the formula is: Assume you have 100 g of the substance (makes the math easier because everything is a straight percent).Consider the amounts you are given as being in units of grams.Convert the grams to moles for each element.Find the smallest whole number ratio of moles for each element. Empirical Formula Problem Find the empirical formula for a compound consisting of 63% Mn and 37% O Solution for Finding the Empirical Formula Assuming 100 g of the compound, there would be 63 g Mn and 37 g OLook up the number of grams per mole for each element using the Periodic Table. There are 54.94 grams in each mole of manganese and 16.00 grams in a mole of oxygen.63 g Mn Ãâ€" (1 mol Mn)/(54.94 g Mn) 1.1 mol Mn37 g O Ãâ€" (1 mol O)/(16.00 g O) 2.3 mol O Find the smallest whole number ratio by dividing the number of moles of each element by the number of moles for the element present in the smallest molar amount. In this case, there is less Mn than O, so divide by the number of moles of Mn: 1.1 mol Mn/1.1 1 mol Mn2.3 mol O/1.1 2.1 mol O The best ratio is Mn:O of 1:2 and the formula is MnO2 The empirical formula is MnO2

How to Craft a PhD Research Proposal

How to Craft a PhD Research Proposal How to Craft a PhD Research Proposal If you are contemplating taking your academic career to the next level and completing a PhD in the chosen field of study, then it is important to begin thinking about how you are going to present your proposal. In this article, we will explain the requirements of a PhD research proposal and walk you through the key steps that you will need to follow preparing your proposal. What is a PhD Research Proposal? Not every academic field of study will require the same format of a proposal if you are applying for a PhD program. In more technical subjects such as science, engineering, or medicine, the institution that you are applying to will most likely follow an interview process to determine whether you will be a good fit for one of their existing research teams. In the fields of humanities and social sciences, research is generally conducted on an individual basis, and it is in these fields where you will most likely be expected to submit a detailed and formal PhD research proposal. Below are the key elements that you should include in your research proposal. Step 1: Title At this stage of the process, this will only be a working title for your subject matter, but use a title that is clear and concisely illustrates the subject of your research. Step 2: Rationale In this section, you should outline the background and rationale for your proposed subject matter. You need to be able to give context regarding the background and issues within which your research will sit. You also need to be able to articulate the aims and objectives of your research. In this section, you should also detail the parameters that you have set for your proposed research and the rationale for setting those parameters. Step 3: Research Question Here, you need to be able succinctly and precisely define the research question that you will be addressing. You also need to demonstrate confidence that the research question you are addressing will be able to be answered within the timeframe that you have available. Step 4: Methodology You need to describe the methodology that you will use to conduct your research as well as the theoretical framework within which you are working. This is quite an important part of your proposal. You need to demonstrate that not only is the research approach that you are proposing is sound, but you also have to address any ethical considerations as well as the practicality of delivering meaningful results from the research you are undertaking. Step 5: Literature Review In this section, you need to demonstrate that you have an understanding of the work that has already been completed on this subject. Acknowledge the main academic contributions that have already been made, and outline how the research that you are proposing will add to the knowledge and understanding of the chosen subject. Step 6: Qualifications This is important to demonstrate that you have the skills and experiences to undertake and deliver this research. Think of this section as your academic CV. Step 7: Publication Research of this nature has value if it is able to be published in a relevant academic journal. Demonstrate that you have considered how your work will be published once completed. Undertaking PhD research is a major milestone in your academic career. Make sure you set yourself up for success by understanding all of the requirements and how to present yourself as a high-quality candidate with the drive and determination to deliver the results required.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT Research Paper

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DESIGN PROJECT - Research Paper Example In addition, possible consequences formation damage in well-11 in the productivity of the Wytch Farm Oil Field is also covered. The methods of treating and preventing the occurrence of formation damage are also covered in this paper. The research paper also discussed the basics of formation damage, permeability and porosity. INTRODUCTION Wytch Farm Oil Field is considered as one of the largest oil fields in Europe. The oil field comprises of three major oil reservoirs namely: Bridport Reservoir (about 2900 feet or 900 meters), Shallow Frome Limestone Reservior (about 2625 feet or 800 meters), and Sherwood Reservior (about 5200 feet or 1600 meters) (Allen, Conran, & Lesso 2007). Being large, and that it is also associated with shale and limestone its permeability is low. In order to increase the permeability of one of the wells in Wytch Farm Oil Field, a horizontal well was developed. However, according to Bennio, Thomas, Jamaluddin, Ma, & Agnew (2007), compared with vertical wells, h orizontal wells are more susceptible to formation damage. Formation damage is a condition or a process in which permeability of the oil producing formations are reduced to levels that are lower than normal (Thallak, Holder, & Gray 2003). According to Thallak, Holder, & Gray (2003), the loss lof permeability as a result of formation damage leads to a reduction in oil productivity as well as inhibits access to other oil reservoirs. Therefore, due to the fact that Wytch Farm Oil Field is susceptible formation damage it is at risk of being affected by loss of permeability and consequently reduction in production. This research paper therefore aims at studying the possibility of occurrence of formation damage in one of the wells in Wytch Farm Oil Field in the United Kingdom. The research paper will also study the possible consequences formation damage in the productivity of the Wytch Farm Oil Field. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Just as earlier mentioned Wytch Farm Oil Field in the United Kingdom is one of the oil fields that is susceptible to formation damage. The two man aims of this research paper are as stated below. i. To study the occurrence of formation damage in Wytch Farm Oil Field in the United Kingdom. ii. To study the possible consequences formation damage in the productivity of the Wytch Farm Oil Field. iii. To discuss nature, methods of prevention and treatment of formation damage in Wytch Farm Oil Field in the United Kingdom. iv. To understand formation damage in general. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In order to achieve the objectives of this research paper, the research first outlined the basics of formation damage (including permeability of the oil field). The researcher then outlined the various ways of preventing or treating formation damage. After an discussing the basics of the formation damage, these basics were applied to Wytch Farm Oil Field in an effort to study the possibility of occurrence of formation damage in Wytch Farm Oil Field in the United Kingdom. This involved studying the formation of the Wytch Farm Oil Field (including porosity and permeability the formation). A number formulas and equations were used in this research and they are as stated bel

Speech Class Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speech Class Assignment - Essay Example This is evident as the green color is bright as compared to the speaker’s dress choice which is black. If I were to critique the speaker my suggestion would be that she could have dressed in white and a black skirt suit to minimize the dullness of a color. The speaker in speech clip 8 nonverbal communication has minimal eye contact with the audience as most of the time he is reading the points on the computer. His dress code is right for the presentation. The speaker has does not use gestures as his hands are folded backwards. The use of a projector improved the overall presentation. For improvement, I would suggest that the speaker to use gestures in his explanation and keep an eye contact with the audience. It is evident that the attributes of a speaker’s voice such as pace, pitch and volume at their both extremes are negative. An example is when the speaker’s pace is fast, the audience may not get the message in the speech and when it is slow the audience may be bored. I feel president Obama has an exceptional voice as a public figure. His pitch and pace is moderate. Also, Obamas’ articulation of words is clear in his